LIBS Info: Element Analysis

Title	Authors	Material	Detector	Spectrometer
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for Mars surface analysis: capabilities at stand-off distances and detection of chlorine and sulfur elements	Beatrice Salle, Jean-Luc Lacour, Evelyne Vors, Pascal Fichet, Sylvestre Maurice, David A. Cremers, Roger C. Wiens	Aluminium Alloy	Princeton Instruments ICCD Max	Jobin Yvon HR1000
Laser:	Nd:YAG 1064.0000nm 31.0000mJ 10.000Hz
Gate Delay:	0.200us
Gate Width:	2.500us
Early paper exploring the feasibility and possible performance for a LIBS system on Mars. All experiments were conducted in a simulated Mars atmosphere (95.3% CO2, 2.7% N2 and 1.6% Ar) at 9mbar. This work describes experiments on metal and rock (basalt) samples to establish performance at stand-off ranges of 3-12m. The total photons collected per steradian, crater volume and crater diameter as a function of standoff distance are also measured. Experiments were originally performed with an echelle spectrometer (ESA 3000) but efficiency was low, hence quantitative results are from the HR1000 spectrometer.

Element	Detection Limit (ppm)	Wavelength (nm)	Other Wavelengths (nm)	Calibration Method	Calibration Range (ppm)	Notes
Si	74.0000 (Stated)	288.1580	N/A	Univariate Calibration	270.0000-136300.0000	Gate delay of 0.8us and gate width of 4us used. 3m Standoff
Cr	11.0000 (Stated)	1430.0000	N/A	Univariate Calibration	-10.0000-52.0000	Gate Delay: 2us Gate Width: 4us Standoff: 3m
Mg	7.0000 (Stated)	285.2130	N/A	Univariate Calibration	7.0000-57200.0000	Gate delay: 0.8us Gate width: 4us Standoff: 3m
S	130000.0000 (Minimum concentration detected)	416.2700	N/A	Univariate Calibration	-10.0000--10.0000	The Martian conditions help with S detection. Standoff: 3m Gate Delay: 0.1us Gate Width: 5us

Element	RMSE (ppm)	Wavelength (nm)	Calibration Method	Notes