LIBS Info: Element Analysis
| Title | Authors | Material | Detector | Spectrometer | Software |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| On-line detection of heavy metals and brominated flame retardants in technical polymers with laser-induced breakdown spectrometry | Michael Stepputat, Reinhard Noll | Plastic | Photomultiplier | Paschen-Runge Spectrometer | |
| Laser: | Nd:YAG 1064.0000nm 350.0000mJ 30.000Hz |
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| Gate Delay: | Noneus | ||||
| Gate Width: | Noneus | ||||
| The experiment is geared towards a rig that could be used online to measure heavy metals and bromine based flame retardants in plastics. For this reason, all measurements must be done in air at atmospheric pressure. The authors compare results from single and double pulse LIBS, as well as using their own autofocusing unit for online analysis. Finally, tests are performed to use this system to sort/classify plastics according to their heavy metal constituents. | |||||
| Element | Detection Limit (ppm) | Wavelength (nm) | Other Wavelengths (nm) | Calibration Method | Calibration Range (ppm) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cd | 19.0000 (Stated) | 228.8000 | N/A | Univariate Calibration | -10.0000--10.0000 | Single Pulse LIBS LOD. Peak signal ratioed to the zeroth order intensity to reduce fluctuations. |
| Cd | 11.0000 (Stated) | 228.8000 | N/A | Univariate Calibration | -10.0000--10.0000 | Double Pulse LIBS LOD. Peak signal ratioed to the zeroth order intensity to reduce fluctuations. |
| Cd | 96.0000 (Stated) | 228.8000 | N/A | Univariate Calibration | -10.0000--10.0000 | Double Pulse LIBS analysis, but samples are moving on a conveyor belt and the system relies on auto-focus optics to determine the optimum laser focus. |
| Cr | 2.0000 (Stated) | 425.4300 | N/A | Univariate Calibration | -10.0000--10.0000 | Single Pulse LIBS LOD. Peak signal ratioed to the zeroth order intensity to reduce fluctuations. |
| Hg | 18.0000 (Stated) | 253.6500 | N/A | Univariate Calibration | -10.0000--10.0000 | Single Pulse LIBS LOD. Peak signal ratioed to the zeroth order intensity to reduce fluctuations. |
| Pb | 16.0000 (Stated) | 405.7800 | N/A | Univariate Calibration | -10.0000--10.0000 | Single Pulse LIBS LOD. Peak signal ratioed to the zeroth order intensity to reduce fluctuations. |
| Sb | 50.0000 (Stated) | 259.8000 | N/A | Univariate Calibration | -10.0000--10.0000 | Single Pulse LIBS LOD. Peak signal ratioed to the zeroth order intensity to reduce fluctuations. |
| Br | 15000.0000 (Stated) | 827.2400 | N/A | Univariate Calibration | -10.0000--10.0000 | Single Pulse LIBS LOD. Peak signal ratioed to the zeroth order intensity to reduce fluctuations. As this is an online application, the more sensitive vacuum UV peaks can't be used. |
| Cr | 4.0000 (Stated) | 425.4300 | N/A | Univariate Calibration | -10.0000--10.0000 | Double Pulse LIBS LOD. Surprisingly this is not as good as the Single Pulse LIBS result |
| Hg | 22.0000 (Stated) | 253.6500 | N/A | Univariate Calibration | -10.0000--10.0000 | Surprisingly this, double pulse LIBS, result does not have a lower LOD than the single pulse LIBS. Results ratioed to the zeroth order spectrometer intensity. |
| Pb | 24.0000 (Stated) | 405.7800 | N/A | Univariate Calibration | -10.0000--10.0000 | Surprisingly this Double Pulse LIBS LOD is not as low as the Single Pulse LIBS result. The authors give some further explanation in the text. |
| Sb | 17.0000 (Stated) | 259.8000 | N/A | Univariate Calibration | -10.0000--10.0000 | Double Pulse LIBS LOD. Peak signal ratioed to the spectrometer zeroth order signal. |
| Br | 11000.0000 (Stated) | 827.2400 | N/A | Univariate Calibration | -10.0000--10.0000 | Double Pulse LIBS LOD. Peak ratioed to the spectrometer zeroth order. |
| Cr | 73.0000 (Stated) | 425.4300 | N/A | Univariate Calibration | -10.0000--10.0000 | Double Pulse LIBS analysis, but samples are moving on a conveyor belt and the system relies on auto-focus optics to determine the optimum laser focus for each analysis. |
| Hg | 60.0000 (Stated) | 253.6500 | N/A | Univariate Calibration | -10.0000--10.0000 | Double Pulse LIBS analysis, but samples are moving on a conveyor belt and the system relies on auto-focus optics to determine the optimum laser focus for each analysis. |
| Pb | 140.0000 (Stated) | 405.7800 | N/A | Univariate Calibration | -10.0000--10.0000 | Double Pulse LIBS analysis, but samples are moving on a conveyor belt and the system relies on auto-focus optics to determine the optimum laser focus for each analysis. This result is significantly worse than with a fixed sample distance/no autofocus |
| Sb | 80.0000 (Stated) | 259.8000 | N/A | Univariate Calibration | -10.0000--10.0000 | Double Pulse LIBS analysis, but samples are moving on a conveyor belt and the system relies on auto-focus optics to determine the optimum laser focus for each analysis. |
| Element | RMSE (ppm) | Wavelength (nm) | Calibration Method | Notes |
|---|