LIBS Info: Element Analysis
| Title | Authors | Material | Detector | Spectrometer | Software |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Detection of heavy metals in Arabian crude oil residue using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy | M.A. Gondal, T. Hussain, Z.H. Yamani, M.A. Baig | Oil | LIBS2000+ | LIBS2000+ | |
| Laser: | Nd:YAG 1064.0000nm 40.0000mJ 10.000Hz |
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| Gate Delay: | 5.000us | ||||
| Gate Width: | Noneus | ||||
| As the title implies, the authors research trace metal detection in crude oil. While this measurement can be done many ways, the rapid analysis capability while being remote (ie. not in contact with the sample) provides advantages over, say ICP. Oil samples were prepared into (solid) pellets/disks prior to analysis. The paper describes the authors work to optimise LIBS performance for gate delay and laser energy. Calibration was performed using powdered metals in KBr binder. LODs quoted are for this calibration rather than the crude oil measurements. LODs calculated in the paper using 2 (SD)/Slope. These have been re-calculated to be the more usual 3 (SD)/Slope in the results below | |||||
| Element | Detection Limit (ppm) | Wavelength (nm) | Other Wavelengths (nm) | Calibration Method | Calibration Range (ppm) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ca | 21.0000 (Stated) | 422.6000 | N/A | Univariate | -10.0000--10.0000 | Peak area divided by 'representative baseline area' used for calibration |
| Fe | 13.5000 (Stated) | 567.9000 | N/A | Univariate | -10.0000--10.0000 | Peak area divided by 'representative baseline area' used for calibration |
| Mg | 9.0000 (Stated) | 518.3000 | N/A | Univariate | -10.0000--10.0000 | Peak area divided by 'representative baseline area' used for calibration |
| Cu | 4.2000 (Stated) | 521.8000 | N/A | Univariate | -10.0000--10.0000 | Peak area divided by 'representative baseline area' used for calibration |
| Zn | 7.5000 (Stated) | 492.4000 | N/A | Univariate | -10.0000--10.0000 | Peak area divided by 'representative baseline area' used for calibration |
| Na | 15.0000 (Stated) | 589.5000 | N/A | Univariate | -10.0000--10.0000 | Peak area divided by 'representative baseline area' used for calibration |
| Ni | 16.5000 (Stated) | 480.6000 | N/A | Univariate | -10.0000--10.0000 | Peak area divided by 'representative baseline area' used for calibration |
| Mo | 3.0000 (Stated) | 553.5000 | N/A | Univariate | -10.0000--10.0000 | Peak area divided by 'representative baseline area' used for calibration |
| Element | RMSE (ppm) | Wavelength (nm) | Calibration Method | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ca | 13.4000 ppm | 422.6000 | Univariate Calibration | Peak area divided by 'representative baseline area' |
| Fe | 7.0000 ppm | 567.9000 | Univariate Calibration | Peak area divided by 'representative baseline area' |
| Mg | 6.0000 ppm | 518.3000 | Univariate Calibration | Peak area divided by 'representative baseline area' |
| Cu | 2.9000 ppm | 521.8000 | Univariate Calibration | Peak area divided by 'representative baseline area' |
| Zn | 1.7200 ppm | 492.4000 | Univariate Calibration | Peak area divided by 'representative baseline area' |
| Na | 5.0000 ppm | 589.5000 | Univariate Calibration | Peak area divided by 'representative baseline area' |
| Ni | 5.1000 ppm | 480.6000 | Univariate Calibration | Peak area divided by 'representative baseline area' |
| Mo | 0.6800 ppm | 553.5000 | Univariate Calibration | Peak area divided by 'representative baseline area' |