LIBS Info: Element Analysis
| Title | Authors | Material | Detector | Spectrometer | Software |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| In situ analysis of steel melt by double-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy with a Cassegrain telescope | Lifeng Qi, Yang Li, Yong Xin, Zhibo Cong, Haibin Yu, Lanziang Sun | Steel | Ocean Optics HR2000 | Ocean Optics HR2000 | |
| Laser: | Nd:YAG 1064.0000nm 65.0000mJ 10.000Hz |
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| Gate Delay: | 2.500us | ||||
| Gate Width: | 1000.000us | ||||
| The authors use a gas purged steel lance to analyse molten steel (25cm below the surface in the melt ladle). DP LIBS, with a delay of 3us between pulses was used for the main experiments. It is noted that the signal improvement due to DP LIBS was less for the liquid samples compared to solid samples. Argon gas is required to stop the lance filling with molten steel. This did increase some of the shot to shot variability but this could be normalised away. Both Univariate and PLS calibrations are presented. Results for both lab and steel plant implementation are provided. | |||||
| Element | Detection Limit (ppm) | Wavelength (nm) | Other Wavelengths (nm) | Calibration Method | Calibration Range (ppm) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| V | 88.0000 (None) | 311.0700 | N/A | Univariate | 0.0000-7500.0000 | Ratioed to Fe I at 281.3nm |
| Ni | 430.0000 (67900) | 305.4000 | N/A | Univariate | 200.0000--10.0000 | Peak ratioed to Fe at 281.3nm. Molten Steel |
| Cr | 649.0000 (None) | -10.0000 | N/A | Univariate | 200.0000-62690.0000 | Molten Steel. Ratioed to Fe I at 281.3nm |
| Mn | 134.0000 (None) | 293.3000 | N/A | Univariate | 1300.0000-19600.0000 | Molten Steel measurement. Ratioed to Fe I at 281.3nm |
| Si | 107.0000 (None) | 288.1600 | N/A | Univariate | 100.0000-13920.0000 | Molten steel measurement. Ratioed to Fe I at 281.3nm |
| Element | RMSE (ppm) | Wavelength (nm) | Calibration Method | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mn | 0.0620 % | -10.0000 | PLS | Test in operating Steel Mill Furnace |
| C | 0.0150 % | -10.0000 | PLS | Test in operating Steel Mill Furnace |
| Si | 0.0290 % | -10.0000 | PLS | Test in operating Steel Mill Furnace |
| V | 0.0380 % | -10.0000 | PLS | Lab molten steel experiment |
| Ni | 0.1680 % | -10.0000 | PLS | Lab molten steel experiment |
| Cr | 0.1950 % | -10.0000 | PLS | Lab molten steel experiment |
| Mn | 0.0510 % | -10.0000 | PLS | Lab molten steel experiment |
| Si | 0.0650 % | -10.0000 | PLS | Lab molten steel experiment |
| V | 0.0520 % | 311.0700 | Univariate Calibration | Ratio to Fe at 281.3nm |
| Ni | 0.4080 % | 305.4000 | Univariate Calibration | Ratio to Fe I at 281.3nm |
| Cr | 0.2510 % | 286.6700 | Univariate Calibration | Ratio to Fe I at 281.3nm |
| Mn | 0.0720 % | 293.3000 | Univariate Calibration | Ratio to Fe I at 281.3nm |
| Si | 0.0870 % | 288.1600 | Univariate Calibration | Ratio to Fe I at 281.3 |